Fracture Monitoring in Encased Composite SFRC--Steel Beams Using DIC Under Static Loading
Abstract
This study presents an experimental investigation into the fracture behavior of full-scale encased composite SFRC-steel beams. A total of six beams were tested under three-point bending, including both sagging and hogging configurations. One specimen in each configuration was subjected to a sustained load of 40% of its ultimate capacity to assess time-dependent cracking phenomena. Full-field strain and crack evolution were monitored using a Digital Image Correlation (DIC) system alongside conventional instrumentation. The DIC system enabled high-resolution tracking of strain localization, crack mouth opening displacement, and crack spacing across a 660~mm midspan region. Results show that SFRC effectively controlled crack propagation and delayed concrete crushing under both static and sustained loading. Sagging beams exhibited distributed cracking and higher ductility, while hogging configurations developed dominant cracks with localized opening. Sustained loading led to modest reductions in peak capacity (2-3\%) and slight increases in crack depth and opening, with DIC revealing strain redistribution and crack branching not captured by traditional sensors. The uppermost SFRC layer of all the beams exhibited strains of up to 1% without signs of crushing, and it did not spall, maintaining its resistance to compression throughout the test. These findings confirm the effectiveness of the compressive model for SFRC outlined in Annex L of Eurocode 2 at the structural scale.